1. Social democracy and trade unions -- 2. Sweden : social democracy after the divorce? -- 3. Germany : the collapse of a model? -- 4. State, unions, and labourism in Britain -- 5. The persistence of French exceptionalism? -- 6. The 'European social model' : towards a transnational social...

What determined the emergence of Christian Democratic parties as catch-all parties after 1945: historical legacy or recommencement? The article examines mechanisms of party change in the homelands of Christian Democracy: Italy and Germany. It applies concepts of causality from rationalist and...

Using data from a unique survey of members of parliaments in France, Germany and Italy in 2018, we estimate the effects of three dimensions on EU and euro area fiscal reform preferences: nationality, political ideology, and populism. We predict and confirm that a German populist party on the...