The economic consequences of French conquest and rule in Italy remain unclear. Recent GDP estimates suggest that the …-run economic and social costs of French rule in Italy outweighed any economic gains. By improving the underlying institutional … Italy after the political unification of the peninsula in 1861 …

resembled the North Italian commune experience. Our exploration uncovers experiences of urban autonomy in South Italy, that so …

Italy has been characterized, throughout its history as a unified country, by large regional differentials in the … international markets are introduced, the South does not appear to lag behind. Regression analysis confirms that market potential is … period mattered far more for growth than the international markets, casting new light on one of the classical explanations to …

integration meant that foreign market access was the decisive factor; the North had the advantage of proximity to these markets …

patterns of the occupational structure in pre-unification Italy, combining direct observations and urbanization rates. In 1861 …, the agricultural labour share was higher in Southern Italy than in the Centre and North. During the Risorgimento … fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, as the Centre-North stagnated and the South grew slowly. Southern Italy forged ahead of China …