Rigidity: Public Sector Employment Reform and Wage Suppression in Germany, the Netherlands, and Italy -- 6. Sheltered Sector … Dominance under a Common Currency: Irrational Exuberance in Ireland and Fragmentation in Spain -- 7. EMU, the Politics of Wage …

account surpluses with Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece have decreased. The following article shows that rebalancing has been … achieved some rebalancing of their current accounts vis-à-vis Germany, the path of adjustment differs. …

hypothesis for Portugal, Italy, Spain and Greece for the period 1999-2017. The empirical analysis presented in the article finds … evidence that strongly supports this hypothesis only for Italy and Greece. For Portugal and Spain, however, the evidence is …

During the 2008-2019 period Greece, Italy, and Spain managed to achieve substantial improvements in their CA balances …. In Greece, the CA deficit shrunk from €36.6 billion to €2.7 billion, and in Italy and Spain the deficits were gradually … transformed into surpluses. While the CA dynamics in Greece, Italy, and Spain may be considered a positive development in a narrow …