on trade flows in manufacturing between Italian provinces and more than 200 foreign countries, we assess the causal … immigrant entrepreneurs have a positive, significant and economically meaningful effect on exports. We find that increasing the … stock of (non- entrepreneur) immigrants by 10% would lead to a 1.7% increase in exports in manufacturing towards immigrants …

, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom) to investigate the links between firm age and the participation of the firms in export …, the share of exports in total sales, the number of countries exported to, and the participation in import. The big picture …

We show that economic development is associated with lower trade costs by applying a gravity equation to exports from … trade costs …