This working paper takes up the subject of the highly publicized announcements of the German and Japanese governments of sharply increasing their defense spending and puts it into context. In particular it considers1. The longer history of Germany and Japan's movement away from their post-World...

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol that was created in the third Conference of Parties in 1997. This book examines the current status and characteristics of CDM projects in developing countries. Secondly, it clarifies ways to adjust the differences in...