degrees of re-regulation depending on the gender composition of work types. Part-time work is undertaken primarily by women … gender segmented labor market, with men continuing in relatively protected and regulated standard employment and women …Changes in the structure and regulation of employment in Japan differentially impact men and women. The labor force …

Using new evidence from servant contracts, 1600-1890, we estimate women’s wages in Japan. Women’s wages could only … sustain 1.5-2 people up to 1900, the lowest recorded in the pre-industrial world. We then show the gender wage ratio was 0 … low, so women were not economically autonomous. Second, landownership incomes were mostly earned by men, raising their …