This paper reports the initial findings from large scale surveys of the scientists based in Japan and the US on the knowledge creation process in science from a comparative perspective. The survey in Japan was jointly conducted by the Institute of Innovation Research (IIR) of Hitotsubashi...

Since the mid-1990s, Japan has instituted a series of policy reforms in order to encourage greater university participation in commercial activity. Using data from a survey of scientists in engineering and biomedical fields in Japanese universities, we find that there has been a significant...