This paper aims to provide an overview of the basics of Japan's local public administration and finance system and to … analyze how Japan's municipalities restore their fiscal balance after a fiscal shock. In Japan, local governments play a major … large vertical fiscal gap in Japan between the central and local governments - a gap that necessitates the transfer of funds …

the economy has often been debated. We estimated its impact in the Kyushu region of Japan by using the difference … impact not only in the case of Japan but also in other cases such as Uzbekistan. …