Using new evidence from servant contracts, 1600-1890, we estimate women’s wages in Japan. Women’s wages could only sustain 1.5-2 people up to 1900, the lowest recorded in the pre-industrial world. We then show the gender wage ratio was 0.7, higher than in Western Europe. Despite this, Japan...

In the present paper an empirical analysis will point out that shadow economy tends to push up house prices, distorting real estate market. The sample covers EU, Japan and The United States. Data are taken from OECD and (Schneider et al., 2010); (Schneider, 2013). The elaboration of these panel...

It seems to be a trade-off between shadow economy restriction and macroeconomic repercussions. This view is expressed by (Era Dabla-Norris and Andrew Feltenstein, 2003) and is in agreement with the author of the present paper although approached in a different way. Author believes that present...