This article uses survey data of 90,000 union employees working in 62 publicly-traded companies in Japan between 1990 … life and job satisfaction. These comparison effects are statistically and economically strong but are smaller in absolute … utility hypothesis in the literature that recur to alternative proxies for comparison wages, including: (i) Mincer …

This article uses survey data of workers in Japan to study the effects of own and self-reported reference wages on …