gender segmented labor market, with men continuing in relatively protected and regulated standard employment and women …Changes in the structure and regulation of employment in Japan differentially impact men and women. The labor force … of non-standard and precarious employment. Women and men have relatively equal levels of unemployment at present, but the …

sex ratio in World War II contributed to a lower decline in fertility and child mortality rates in postwar Japan. In … particular, the fertility rate would have fallen by an additional 12% and the child mortality rate by an additional 13% between …