This paper constructs and estimates a dynamic discrete choice structural model of female employment and fertility …. Counterfactual simulations indicate that introducing an initial 1-year job protection policy increases maternal employment … significantly, but extending the existing job protection period from 1 to 3 years has little effect. In addition, the employment …

We estimate the causal effects of childcare availability on the maternal employment rate using prefecture panel data … is uncorrelated with maternal employment when prefecture fixed effects are controlled. Evidence suggests that this is … childcare availability would have increased the maternal employment rate by two percentage points, which accounts for about 30 …

families, higher female education, and lower marriage rates are associated with much of the rise in women's aggregate …