The Japanese higher education sector has seen increases in tuition with stagnant household incomes in a society where … students from low-income households are forgoing a university education to avoid student loan debt. The Japanese government has … challenges facing higher education financing in Japan and alleviate repayment and default problems for loan recipients …

sustain growth in the face of rapid population ageing. The government should step up investment in early childhood education … institutions. Upgrading tertiary education, in part through stronger competition and internationalisation, is also important to … combined, are needed. The large share of private education spending, which accounts for one-third of the total, places heavy …

higher education. This paper uses the highly unusual event as a natural experiment to examine whether graduates from the …