In agricultural societies, adjusting land and labor according to changes of labor endowment that result from family …. This paper examines how and how well households in pre-modern Japan reallocated land and labor, using a population register … households and the village as a whole to reallocate land and labor for the efficient use of resources. …

Changes in the structure and regulation of employment in Japan differentially impact men and women. The labor force … course, while men are more likely to experience unemployment at the entry and exit points to the labor market. Unemployment … gender segmented labor market, with men continuing in relatively protected and regulated standard employment and women …