For most of the time since 1995, the Japanese price level has declined. Since early 1999, short-term interest rates have mostly remained near zero. Also, starting in 2001, the excess reserves held by banks have risen dramatically. Many observers have concluded that central banks are powerless to...

The price level is falling in Japan. To end deflation, the Bank of Japan should move to a strategy of actively creating bank reserves and money in response to price level deviations from an explicit target. Under the current policy, bank reserves are demand-determined rather than...

A deflationary monetary policy is responsible for the prolonged economic stagnation in Japan in the decade of the nineties. Monetary policy in the recent period contrasts with the nominal output targeting of the prior period that produced stability in both the price level and real growth

The Federal Reserve System began its intervention in the market for foreign exchange in 1962. Such intervention is undertaken at the behest of the Treasury. That year there was a spirited debate within the Federal Reserve over whether this involvement would be consistent with the Fed's...