econometrics, I show that tariffs on parts and components, a crucial locational determinant for Japanese firms, converged across … countries following a contagion pattern. Tariffs followed those of competing countries if the latter were lower, if FDI jealousy …

in which they assumed that any firm can maximize profits by utilizing FTA preferential tariffs without any additional … arrangements from which tariffs are completely exempted, such as the Information Technology Agreement and the special exemption of … tariffs under Thailand's Board of Investment laws. Phase-out tariff reduction schedules, in which tariffs are gradually …

reduction in average US tariffs – larger than CUS-FTA, NAFTA, and the liberalization accompanying the granting of PNTR to China … intermediate inputs. Finally, we show that policymakers dampened the observed impact of tariffs on inequality by assigning smaller …

This book is a synthesis of the results and implications from a series of product-specific import and export process …

Average most-favored-nation tariffs in the Quad (Canada, the European Union, Japan, and the United States) have fallen … to about 5 percent. But tariffs more than three times the average most-favored-nation duty are not uncommon in the Quad … developing countries enter Quad markets duty-free, and average tariffs in Quad markets are very low. But tariffs for some …

Although average OECD tariffs on imports from the least developed countries are very low; tariffs above 15 percent …