We re-examine the finding that new ventures employing individuals with industry experience have survival advantages and conclude that it is unlikely a reflection of the underlying theoretical mechanism advanced in the literature—individuals applying their industry-specific knowledge. We come...

Personnel-adjusted added value (PAV) is an index to measure human resource management for internal purposes. In this study, the possibilities and limitations of PAV using external estimates are investigated. To measure the effectiveness of PAV, it is compared with the general added value. This...