This paper examines the formation of property rights in Qing China and Tokugawa Japan with a focus on rice market … participants, while China only created weak form of property rights to rice market participants. We developed a multiplayer … from Qing China and Tokugawa Japan, we find that with lower suppression capacity and high risks of domestic threat power …

aggregate household saving rates in Japan, China, and India. The observed age distributions help explain the contrasting saving … lower household saving rates in Japan and China …We present a model of household life-cycle saving decisions in order to quantify the impact of demographic changes on …