The privatizations of Japanese National Railways (JNR) and Japan Post (JP) have been one of the biggest reforms for …

enforcement, comparing it with new regulatory approaches, learning from experiences in the US, EU, China, and Japan. E-commerce is … product differentiation. As a result, e-commerce market shares in the US, China and Japan all have shown no tendency toward … monopoly. It is, therefore, misguided to adopt ex-ante fixed regulation on digital platforms as a whole, as now envisaged by …

Empirical work shows that competition is important for promoting economic growth. However, in Japan the promotion of … economic policy. Reforms to promote product market competition in Japan should inter alia focus on strengthening the legal …