actually infringing a valid patent or that there is a threat of infringement through the proceeding for litigation on the … the patent was granted. Punitive damages are not awarded. A patentee may rely on one of the following three methods for …

citation-weighted patent counts at the inventor level and significantly decreased the number of science-based patents. These … 35 of Japanese patent law could distort the efficiency of corporate R&D …

Does an expansion of patent scope induce more innovative effort by firms? We examine responses to the Japanese patent … reforms of 1988. Interviews with practitioners and professional documents for patent agents suggest the reforms significantly … expanded the scope of patent rights. However, econometric analysis using both Japanese and U.S. patent data on 307 Japanese …