This paper analyzes how changes in the firing-costs gap between permanent and temporary workers affect firms’ TFP in a dual labour market. We argue that, under plausible conditions, firms’ temp-to-perm conversion rates go down when this gap increases. Temporary workers respond to lower...

The pandemic of COVID-19 has caused an unprecedented global social and economic crisis, with governments triggering numerous interventions across geographic regions. In this paper, we exhibit evidence of real-time survey of the Middle East discovering the effects of this crisis. We attempt to...