average, physical activity reduces body mass by less than would be predicted by simple calorie expenditure-to-weight formulas …

We provide new evidence on the extent to which the demand for cigarettes is derived from the demand for weight control … (i.e. weight loss or avoidance of weight gain). We utilize nationally representative data that provide the most direct … evidence to date on this question: individuals are directly asked whether they smoke to control their weight. We find that …

current net nutrition. Across the weight distribution and throughout the 19th century, white and black average weights … decreased by 8.5 and 6.3 percent, respectively. Farmers and unskilled workers had positive weight returns associated with rural …