The nation's economic goals can be directed and regulated through the use of both fiscal and monetary policies. Fiscal policy refers to government spending and how its adjustment can influence the nations' economy. Monetary policy consists of the actions of central banks and regulatory...

Using data from the Federal Reserve Banks' 2017 Small Business Credit Survey (SBCS), this paper investigates the various ways in which different types of firms with less than 500 employees experience and address hiring difficulties, including when they decide to increase compensation. {{p}} The...

This study aimed to analyze and evaluate the implementation of the inflation targeting policy framework in Indonesia. The data used in this study are quarterly data for the period 1984 to 2008. The simultaneous model approach using two stage least square (TSLS). The results of the analysis...

Apart from the main misconception of money creation, that is, the exogenous-endogenous money creation debate, there exist a number of lesser misconceptions, including that banks are 'fully lent' when they have no excess reserves, that money creation begins with a new bank deposit, and that a...

Small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) of southern euro-area economies (e.g. Italy, Spain) pay significantly higher borrowing rates than their peers of the core (e.g. Germany, France) and this divergence is widening. It is argued that severe market failures prevent SMEs in southern euro area...

The monetary transmission mechanism in the euro area has been adversely affected by the recent crises. Using survey data on thousands of euro area firms, we study factors that affect the access to finance of SMEs. We find that changes in bank funding costs and borrower leverage matter for firms'...

Small-Sized and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) are the main authority of the economic system in the People’s Republic of China. Although the economic scale of China develops quickly, the economic structure restricts the qualification of economic. At this moment, the path of loan does not fit...