For investor and institutional class index mutual funds that track the S&P 500 Index, there are just 25 funds with statistically low expense ratios (management fee findings are found above). However, there are only five index funds - all investor class - with statistically very high and...

For investor and institutional class index mutual funds that track the S&P 500 Index, there are just 25 funds with statistically low expense ratios (management fee findings are found above). However, there are only five index funds — all investor class — with statistically very high and...

In summary, the ex ante evidence suggests strong preference relationships for the three sets of risk-return variables analyzed. Further, there appear to be differences among the nature and shape of the relationships as evidenced by the statistical tests: one, the association between risk and...

The balancing of risk and return represents the classic investor dilemma. In theory, an investor seeks to maximize overall rate of return consistent with a desirable risk level. In practice, investor personal and financial characteristics may influence their risk/return preferences. Investors...