terms of a single perpetual-bond equivalent issue, we define leverage, show the stochastic nature of equity volatility and … the leverage parameter L and make use of the univariate normal distribution function, are consistent with the volatility …

information regarding future S&P500 returns. The objective of this empirical analysis is to verify if the shape of the volatility … that they can use the VIX futures term structure not only as a proxy of market expectations on forward volatility, but also …