Theoretically, accounting earnings could be used to estimate the intrinsic value of equity. If accounting earnings could be predicted accurately, then, so could be the value of equity, thereby, creating much less risk in equity investment. However, earnings surprises are common, and therefore so...

Key to deriving the lower bound to the expected excess return of the market in Martin (2017) is the assumption of the negative correlation condition (NCC). We improve on the lower bound characterization by proposing an exact formula for the conditional expected excess return of the market. In...