We separate downloads on the SEC EDGAR database into human and machine actions by the intensity of information retrieval (Ryans, 2017). The split shows that the extent of machine downloads has risen 35 times since 2004, accounting for over 96% of total downloads as of 2016. We formally...

The predictions of the S&P 500 returns made in 2007 have been tested and the underlying models amended. The period between 2003 and 2008 should be described by the dependence of the S&P 500 stock market index on real GDP because the population pyramid was highly inaccurate. The 2008 trough and...