Before the COVID-19 pandemic, global learning levels were unacceptably low. In 2019, learning poverty, the share of children unable to read and understand a simple text by age 10, had reached 57 percent in low- and middle-income countries (World Bank and others 2022b). This constituted a global...

This research builds upon our previous research by extending a risk-indexing model to an adaptive indexing model, taking into account several additional factors. The new adaptive risk model includes the analysis of varying levels of contributions among firms, different consequences of the...