This paper provides non-experimental field evidence on positive and negative worker reciprocity. We analyze the … of observational studies on reciprocity because there is substantial transparency in individual player values and … performance. Our main finding is that workers exhibit both positive and negative reciprocity toward employers who deviate from a …

We explore how inherent preferences for reciprocity and repeated interaction interact in an optimal incentive system … rents can be used to provide incentives. Preferences for reciprocity still affect the structure of an employment … relationship early on, though, because of two reasons: first, preferences for reciprocity effectively reduce the employee's effort …