This article studies the rise and fall of the first liability insurance cartel in the United States. In 1886, insurance … companies in America began selling liability insurance for personal injury accidents, primarily to cover business tort liability … liability insurers agreed to fix premium rates and share information on policyholder losses. In 1906, this cartel fell apart …

parties to a settlement because such injurers' liability can be restricted due to one of several privileges awarded by the …

by their subsidiaries. Under the new EU Directive on Antitrust Damages Actions, parent company liability is likely to be … instruments, in particular the individual liability of executives and employees. On this basis, I conclude that it is primarily … the existence of these functional substitutes that explains why a need for parent company liability has not arisen in US …

character of the subsidiary as a separate legal entity which shields the parent company from liability. This article takes the … there is no reason why the fact of belonging to a group should be sufficient to impute liability. This article argues that … economic activity, that joint economic activity in European company law leads to joint and unlimited liability, and that this …