The sustainable development of any modern society in many respects depends on conditions such as economic opportunities and welfare system. Lower expected economic growth, coupled with large public spending and obligations are bringing significant challenges for emerging and developed countries...

This paper documents both the extraordinary rise in mortality that accompanied economic deterioration in the former Soviet Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as the far more tentative recovery. Kazakhstan's multi-ethnic population also makes it possible to identify a large mortality disadvantage...

This paper examines the impact of the economic transition of the 1990s on living standards in Kazakhstan and suggests ways in which the social safety net can be made more effective. There are three principal conclusions. First, over a third of the population of Kazakhstan was living below a...

This study compares the individual, household and location characteristics of private employees, the self-employed, the unemployed and the economically inactive in Kazakhstan making use of a 1996 World Bank Living Standards Measurement Survey. The purpose is to understand whether the process of...