-generated structure, consistent with conditions for no-arbitrage pricing theory; the fourth level describes market factors which originate …

This paper examines the effect of systematic self-report bias, the non-random deviation between the self-reported and … true values of the same measure. This bias may be constant or variable, and can mislead empirical analyses based on … measured data in the cross-section. A school nutrition policy changed the bias differentially in the treatment and control …

effect having an opposite sign from the true effect. We present an expression for the asymptotic bias of both OLS and IV … estimators and discuss the conditions under which sign reversal may occur. We provide a method for eliminating this bias when …