We present evidence that farmers adjust agricultural inputs in response to within-season temperature variation, undertaking defensive investments to reduce the adverse agroecological impacts of warmer temperatures. Using panel data from Kenyan maize growing households, we find that higher...

We use a multiyear multiarm randomized controlled trial implemented among 1053 smallholders in Kenya to evaluate ex-ante investment and ex-post productivity and welfare benefits of risk-contingent credit (RCC), comparing it with traditional credit (TC). We rely on local average treatment effects...