crimes, and focus on mothers who lived in a home where an assault was reported during their pregnancies. We compare these … mothers to women who lived in a home with an assault that took place shortly after the birth. We find that assaults in the 3rd … cost per assault during pregnancy of $41,771, and a total annual cost of over $4.25 billion when scaled by the national …

crimes, and focus on mothers who lived in a home where an assault was reported during their pregnancies. We compare these … mothers to women who lived in a home with an assault that took place shortly after the birth.We find that assaults in the 3rd … cost per assault during pregnancy of $41,771, and a total annual cost of over $4.25 billion when scaled by the national …

parental punishment amounts to child abuse and state-sanctioned violence, pitted against claims that parental rights and the …

: prison - 9% of children born between 1999-2005, felony conviction - 18%, and any criminal charge - 39%. Charge exposure rates …