undesirable, and where there is imperfect fertility control, leading to involuntary childlessness/parenthood. Using an equivalent … consumption approach in the consumption-fertility space, we first show that the identification of the worst-off individuals is not … robust to how the social evaluator fixes the reference fertility level. Adopting the ex post egalitarian social criterion …

This paper analyzes the fertility effects of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. We study the effects of violence on both the … through which conflict influences fertility. First, the type of violence exposure as measured by the death of a woman's child …-level sex ratio. Results indicate that the genocide had heterogeneous effects on fertility, depending on the type of violence …

The 20th century witnessed the birth of modern family planning and its effects on the fertility of hundreds of millions …’s economy and society in ways that extend well beyond its fertility rate. …

possible selective fertility based on labor market conditions. We find that downturns are beneficial; for example, a one …

children's health at birth, subsequent maternal health and fertility, and longterm human capital outcomes of children. Our …