across countries in employment and earnings gaps at age 30. At age 50, however, employment between mothers and non … these gaps do not fully close. Motherhood gaps in earnings also close by age 50 between mothers and non …-mothers, particularly among the highly educated. But there is strong persistence in earnings gaps between mothers and fathers even among …

This study reconsiders the empirical question of whether men's earnings increase because of children. Large Norwegian … market. The data permit family-fixed effects to be modeled in various ways, as well as observing earnings growth before and … after having children. The simple conditional correlation between children and earnings is positive. When only variation …

’ earnings. This result is explained by a reduction in employment and a prompting shift towards occupations that favor more … and per capita GDP or gender norms, while the contribution of other factors to the gender gap in earnings diminishes with …

suggest that, the year after the first child is born, mothers' annual earnings drop by 11 percent while men's remain … unaffected. The gender gap is even larger ten years after the birth. Our estimate of the long-run child penalty in earnings … shifts to part-time or fixed-term contracts. Finally, we encounter heterogeneous responses in earnings and labor market …