This study provides the first empirical evidence of the causal impact of fertility outcomes on old-age labor supply, by … innovatively employing population policies in the early 1970s and the sex of the eldest child within families as plausibly … exogenous instruments of fertility. The results show strong impact of children on preventing old parents from strenuous works at …

predicts lower future pensions to reduce fertility, while the "old-age securityʺ to increase it. Our empirical analysis … identifies a clear and robust positive effect of less generous future pensions on post-reform fertility. These findings are … consistent with "old-age securityʺ even for contemporary fertility.-- old-age security ; public pension systems ; fertility …

predicts lower future pensions to reduce fertility, while the 'old-age security' to increase it. Our empirical analysis … identifies a clear and robust positive effect of less generous future pensions on post-reform fertility. These findings are … consistent with 'old-age security' even for contemporary fertility …