The motherhood wage penalty denotes the difference in wages between mothers and women without children that is not … motherhood wage penalty can represent a significant cost to being female and having children. If ignored, it may undermine policy … initiatives aiming to increase fertility rates in post-socialist countries, such as the costly “baby bonus,” which is a government …

's counterfactual work behavior. We show that extending parental leave has significant positive effects on children's health and human … provided by mothers (or formal institutions) is superior to informal care-arrangements. …

's counterfactual work behavior. We show that extending parental leave has significant positive effects on children's health and human … provided by mothers (or formal institutions) is superior to informal care-arrangements. …

's counterfactual work behavior. We show that extending parental leave has significant positive e.ects on children's health and human … provided by mothers (or formal institutions) is superior to informal care-arrangements. …

's counterfactual work behavior. We show that extending parental leave has significant positive effects on children's health and human … provided by mothers (or formal institutions) is superior to informal care-arrangements. …

's counterfactual work behavior. We show that extending parental leave has significant positive effects on children's health and human … provided by mothers (or formal institutions) is superior to informal care arrangements. …

Socio- Economic Survey (HSES) to examine the correlation between the presence of children of different age categories in a … towards women, as well as household decision-making as potential explanations. We find that small children decrease the … probability of female employment relative to women with no small children. In particular, women with two children aged one to six …