The recent United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was the 27th ‘Conference of the Parties’ since 1992. Better known as COP 27, it has widely been derided as ‘COP OUT 27’, for achieving few, if any, significant, actionable outcomes, especially in comparison to the sheer...

We critically review the Kyoto Protocol and thirteen alternative policy architectures for addressing the threat of global climate change. We employ six criteria to evaluate the policy proposals: environmental outcome, dynamic efficiency, cost effectiveness, equity, flexibility in the presence of...

Scientific and economic consensus increasingly points to the need for a credible and cost-effective approach to address the threat of global climate change, but the Kyoto Protocol to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change appears incapable of inducing significant participation and...