Disputes related to environmental protection and, more recently, also climate change have played a major role in the history of WTO dispute settlement. The balancing of trade and non-trade concerns may be further put to the test with the gradual strengthening of climate action. Although an...

The economic shocks from the pandemic and rising geoeconomic tensions have triggered an accelerated restructuring of foreign investment flows in global value chains. As the previous determinants of foreign investment are rapidly changing, many new risks and opportunities abound for developing...

Can economic development and the fight against climate change be integrated successfully? What role, if any, does international investment law play in global climate governance? Can foreign direct investments (FDI) be tools in the struggle against climate change? What types of claims have...

When the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) entered into force in 2005, it formed one of the first international agreements that specifically aimed at enlisting private actors (most often foreign investors) to set up green development projects in...

In addition to the general non-commercial risks that may affect any foreign direct investment, low-carbon investments face specific risks related to the mechanisms of public support that states develop to enable the financial viability of such projects. In the absence of the full internalization...