) of Norwegian schools, where between-school differences are smaller than in the US. I find that VA indicators are able to … predict in-school performance without bias. Furthermore, VA is strongly related to long-term outcomes, and differences between … differences in school quality, rather than unobserved student characteristics. Analyses of teacher grades and exam scores suggest …

in school decisions, combined with a culture of shared responsibility and mutual support, tend to have lower incidence of …

been affected by a drought are 8.7 percentage point less likely to complete primary school. In Burkina Faso, the drought … reduced the probability for women to finish primary school by 1.9 percentage point, but the result is not statistically robust … due to the low average in primary school completion. In Mongolia, the wild fire reduced the probability for individuals to …