The transformation of economies towards significantly reduced CO2 consumption raises high investment and capital requirements. Financial and capital markets can help to mobilize the necessary funds for global investment needs and to steer capital towards sustainable investments. Moreover,...

"Part of the Elgar Series on Central Banking and Monetary Policy, this book explores the relationship between central banking, monetary policy and the economy at large. It focuses on the specific relationship between central banking, monetary policy and the environment as central banks wake up...

This paper focuses on the trade–offs that central banks would face if they were to start tackling climate change. Disruptive natural events can hamper capital accumulation and growth, thereby affecting financial stability for which central banks are responsible. Yet, the array of instruments...

This paper investigates the impact of central banks when supporting policies aiming at greening the financial system. The July 2021 Monetary Policy Strategy Review of the European Central Bank unexpectedly dedicated a whole workstream to climate change. The announcement had a significant effect...

In 2019, Sweden's central bank, the Riksbank, sold carbon-heavy bonds from its foreign exchange reserves. This act led to the Riksbank being labelled a frontrunner in what has been referred to as green central banking (GCB). The growing interest in proactive central banking has led to a wealth...