Disputes related to environmental protection and, more recently, also climate change have played a major role in the history of WTO dispute settlement. The balancing of trade and non-trade concerns may be further put to the test with the gradual strengthening of climate action. Although an...

We examine the effects of the growth of Chinese imports between 1995 and 2007 on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of WTO countries. Using complementary estimators we establish that China's liberalised trade had significant effects on GHG emissions. The growth of Chinese imports increased the...

The economic shocks from the pandemic and rising geoeconomic tensions have triggered an accelerated restructuring of foreign investment flows in global value chains. As the previous determinants of foreign investment are rapidly changing, many new risks and opportunities abound for developing...