There is a growing consensus that knowledge drives firms' process and product innovations. An important source of these innovations is from firms networking with R&D partners, such as those in the science system and other industries in the enterprise group. This paper aimed to examine firms'...

International HRD alliances (IHRDAs) are increasingly popular forms of voluntary co-operation between organizations of different sizes, sectors and international locations to satisfy HRD purposes in increasingly complex business environments. However, IHRDAs may fail, often associated with...