was almost entirely dependent on imports of coal, and where a long coastline made imports, largely from the UK, cheap and … available. Towards the end of the First World War, however, and well into the 1920s, coal imports were cut off or difficult to … peat fields in the wake of the coal shortage. …

coal and oil on long-run economic growth, exploiting variation at the level of European NUTS-2 and NUTS-3 regions over the … last century. We show that an "oil invasion" in the early 1960s turned regional coal abundance from a blessing into a curse … key mechanism behind this reversal of fortune. Not only did former coal regions fail to accumulate sufficient levels of …

of the steam engine and the gradual replacement of fire-wood by coal. Together with the later combustion engine the steam …. Coal, oil and natural gas now accounts for 80 percent of the fuel supply in the world. Almost all steel production is now … based on coal.Before the advent of coal, material production was limited by how much land was available for food, fuel and …

There has been a widespread displacement of coal by natural gas as space heating and cooking technology in Turkey in …

volatility of carbon emissions, it is not surprising that crude oil and coal have recently become a very important research topic …. For the USA, daily spot and futures prices are available for crude oil and coal, but there are no daily spot or futures … prices for carbon emissions. For the EU, there are no daily spot prices for coal or carbon emissions, but there are daily …

analyse the effect of both, coal and oil on economic growth between 1900 and 2015, exploiting variation at the level of … European NUTS2 and NUTS3 regions. We show that the reversal of fortune of coal regions resulted from the second energy … transition. Specifically, an "oil invasion" in the early 1960s turned regional coal abundance from a blessing into a curse. Human …

the Industrial Revolution as a transition from wood to coal as the main source of energy. We calibrate the model to … historical data on energy uses and growth in England. Switching to the wood and coal stocks of France, the model matches the …

'", the biggest civil organization at the time, were negatively correlated. Using coal potential as an IV for identification …