investigates this strategic use of vagueness in voluntary disclosure and asks whether there is scope for policy to improve … sophistication. Imposing precise disclosure leads to more easily interpretable messages, but results in fewer sender types disclosing … at all. Since non- disclosure also systematically misleads naive receivers, the welfare implications of imposing …

truthful communication can be promoted by the threat of ex-post disclosure, even in the absence of financial consequences. Our … experiment identifies the effect of ex-post disclosure using a sender-receiver game in which the receiver can detect a dishonest … concerns by providing full anonymity and holds constant information availability. We find that ex-post disclosure almost …