Apologies made by physicians for adverse medical events have been identified as a mitigating factor in whether patients decide to litigate. However, doctors are socialized to avoid apologies because apologies admit guilt and invite lawsuits. An apology law, which specifies that a physician’s...

This paper proposes an approach that demands fewer data to estimate the effect of social interaction on stock market participation. Using data available publicly, we construct a sequence of measures of aggregated stock returns that are based on the same stock returns information and embed social...