A common finding in the entrepreneurship literature is that business creation increases in recessions. This counter …-cyclical pattern is examined by separating business creation into two components: "opportunity" and "necessity" entrepreneurship … entrepreneurship, there are many challenges to creating a definition that is both objective and empirically feasible. We propose an …

This paper deals with the estimation of the output gap. We use uni- and bivariate unobserved components models in order … ifo business assessment variable as an indicator for the cycle the estimation of the output gap is much more precise and …