This paper empirically investigates three hypotheses regarding biases of National Basketball Association (NBA) referees. Identification of basketball referee bias is typically difficult as changes in observed statistics may be caused by either changes in referee bias or player behavior. We...

If a firm misleads consumers about the value of its product, does it matter if some consumers are more influenced by the deception than others? We show with a simple model that the answer is a resounding yes. Harm increases unambiguously due to an increase in the heterogeneity of deception, and...