This paper explores the potential for empirical analysis of corruption and countervailing action, based on data extracted from newspapers. Theoretical analysis suggests that when the press is free and competitive, it is likely to cover corruption and direct forms of countervailing action...

An examination and critique of the functionalist literature on corruption in the political administration of less developed countries (LDCs) indicate that its claims are without empirical foundation. Its theses with regard to the political, economic and administrative effects in most LDCs...

It has often been argued that bribery creates auction-like conditions and, hence, improves allocative efficiency of bureaucratic decisions. This article shows that these auction-like conditions are not likely to exist because officials will restrict access to bribery in order to reduce the risks...

Starting from a simple premise, this paper has proposed a framework that is at once capable of explaining variations in levels of corruption across governments, their subunits, and over time.The simple premise is that corruption nearly always creates winners and losers who may take...